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1. Contexts 3 4 4 – Fast Window Switcher Systems Installation
2. Contexts 3 4 4 – Fast Window Switcher Systems Inc
3. Contexts 3 4 4 – Fast Window Switcher Systems Diagram
4. Contexts 3 4 4 – Fast Window Switcher Systems System

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Contexts 3 4 4 – Fast Window Switcher Systems Installation

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Context Switching involves storing the context or state of a process so that it can be reloaded when required and execution can be resumed from the same point as earlier. This is a feature of a multitasking operating system and allows a single CPU to be shared by multiple processes.

A diagram that demonstrates context switching is as follows −

In the above diagram, initially Process 1 is running. Process 1 is switched out and Process 2 is switched in because of an interrupt or a system call. Context switching involves saving the state of Process 1 into PCB1 and loading the state of process 2 from PCB2. After some time again a context switch occurs and Process 2 is switched out and Process 1 is switched in again. This involves saving the state of Process 2 into PCB2 and loading the state of process 1 from PCB1.

Context Switching Triggers

There are three major triggers for context switching. These are given as follows −

• Multitasking: In a multitasking environment, a process is switched out of the CPU so another process can be run. The state of the old process is saved and the state of the new process is loaded. On a pre-emptive system, processes may be switched out by the scheduler.

• Interrupt Handling: The hardware switches a part of the context when an interrupt occurs. This happens automatically. Only some of the context is changed to minimize the time required to handle the interrupt.

• User and Kernel Mode Switching: A context switch may take place when a transition between the user mode and kernel mode is required in the operating system.

Context Switching Steps

The steps involved in context switching are as follows −

• Save the context of the process that is currently running on the CPU. Update the process control block and other important fields.
• Move the process control block of the above process into the relevant queue such as the ready queue, I/O queue etc.
• Select a new process for execution.
• Update the process control block of the selected process. This includes updating the process state to running.
• Update the memory management data structures as required.
• Restore the context of the process that was previously running when it is loaded again on the processor. This is done by loading the previous values of the process control block and registers.

Context Switching Cost

Context Switching leads to an overhead cost because of TLB flushes, sharing the cache between multiple tasks, running the task scheduler etc. Context switching between two threads of the same process is faster than between two different processes as threads have the same virtual memory maps. Because of this TLB flushing is not required.

Acontext switch occurs when a computer’s CPU switches from one process or thread to a different process or thread.

• Context switching allows for one CPU to handle numerous processes or threads without the need for additional processors.
• A context switch is the mechanism to store and restore the state or context of a CPU in Process Control block so that a process execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time.
• Any operating system that allows for multitasking relies heavily on the use of context switching to allowdifferent processesto run at the same time.

Typically, there are three situations that a context switch is necessary, as shown below.

• Multitasking – When the CPU needs to switch processes in and out of memory, so that more than one process can be running.
• Kernel/User Switch – When switching between user mode to kernel mode, it may be used (but isn’t always necessary).
• Interrupts – When the CPU is interrupted to return data from a disk read.

The steps in a full process switch are:

Contexts 3 4 4 – Fast Window Switcher Systems Inc

1. Save the context of the processor, including program counter and other registers.

Contexts 3 4 4 – Fast Window Switcher Systems Diagram

2. Update the process control block of the process that is currently in the Running state. This includes changing the state of the process to one of the other states (Ready; Blocked; Ready/Suspend; or Exit). Other relevant fields must also be updated, including the reason for leaving the Running state and accounting information.

Contexts 3 4 4 – Fast Window Switcher Systems System

3. Move the process control block of this process to the appropriate queue (Ready; Blocked on Event i ; Ready/Suspend).

4. Select another process for execution.
5. Update the process control block of the process selected. This includes changing the state of this process to Running.

6. Update memory management data structures. This may be required, depending on how address translation is managed.

7. Restore the context of the processor to that which existed at the time the selected process was last switched out of the Running state, by loading in the previous values of the program counter and other registers.