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WiFi IEEE 802.11 Includes:
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Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 is used by very many devices from smartphones to laptops and tablets to remote sensors, actuators televisions and many more. It is used as the main wireless communications bearer in wireless LANs as well as for small home WLANs as well.

There are several frequency bands within the radio spectrum that are used for the Wi-Fi and within these there are many channels that have been designated with numbers so they can be identified.

Although many Wi-Fi channels and Wi-Fi bands are normally selected automatically by home Wi-FI routers, for larger wireless LANs and systems it is often necessary to plan the frequencies used. Using many Wi-Fi access points around a large building or area, frequency planning is essential so that the best performance can be obtained from the wireless LAN.

Even for home systems where Wi-Fi extenders and Wi-Fi repeaters are used, it is helpful to understand which frequencies are available and how these can be best used. By using some simple settings in the Wi-Fi router and wireless extenders, it is possible to make improvements to the Wi-Fi installation network speed.

ISM bands

Wi-Fi is aimed at use within unlicensed spectrum - the ISM or Industrial, Scientific and Medical bands. These bands have been internationally agreed and unlike most other bands, they can be used without the need for a transmitting licence. This gives access to everyone to use them freely.

The ISM bands are not only used by Wi-Fi, but everything from microwave ovens to many other forms of wireless connectivity and many industrial, scientific and medical uses.

Whilst the ISM bands are available globally, there are some differences and restrictions that can occur in some countries.

The main bands used for carrying Wi-Fi are those in the table below:


Summary of Major ISM Bands
Lower Frequency
MHz
Upper Frequency
MHz
Comments
2400 2500 Often referred to as the 2.4 GHz band, this spectrum is the most widely used of the bands available for Wi-Fi. Used by 802.11b, g, & n. It can carry a maximum of three non-overlapping channels. This band is widely used by many other non-licensed items including microwave ovens, Bluetooth, etc.
5725 5875 This 5 GHz Wi-Fi band or to be more precise the 5.8 GHz band provides additional bandwidth, and being at a higher frequency, equipment costs are slightly higher, although usage, and hence interference is less.It can be used by 802.11a & n. It can carry up to 23 non-overlapping channels, but gives a shorter range than 2.4 GHz. 5GHz Wi-Fi is preferred by many because of the number of channels and the bandwidth available. There are also fewer other users of this band.

It can be seen that the 2.4 GHz band is widely used for other applications including microwave ovens (as a result of the signal absorption in water) as well as Bluetooth, and many other wireless communications applications. Sometimes using other bands can improve the WLAN performance as a result of the lower interference levels.

802.11 systems & frequency bands

There are several different 802.11 variants in use. Different 802.11 variants use different bands. A summary of the bands used by the 802.11 systems is given below:


802.11 Types & Frequency Bands
IEEE 802.11 variantFrequency bands used Comments
802.11a 5GHz Read more about 802.11a
802.11b 2.4GHzRead more about 802.11b
802.11g 2.4GHzRead more about 802.11g
802.11n 2.4 & 5 GHz Read more about 802.11n
802.11ac Below 6GHzRead more about 802.11ac
802.11adUp to 60 GHz Read more about 802.11ad
802.11af TV white space (below 1 GHz) Read more about 802.11af
802.11ah 700 MHz, 860MHz, 902 MHz, etc. ISM bands dependent upon country and allocations Read more about 802.11ah
802.11ax Read more about 802.11ax

2.4 GHz 802.11 channels

There is a total of fourteen channels defined for use by Wi-Fi installations and devices in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Not all of the Wi-Fi channels are allowed in all countries: 11 are allowed by the FCC and used in what is often termed the North American domain, and 13 are allowed in Europe where channels have been defined by ETSI. The WLAN / Wi-Fi channels are spaced 5 MHz apart (with the exception of a 12 MHz spacing between the last two channels).

The 802.11 Wi-Fi standards specify a bandwidth of 22 MHz and channels are on a 5 MHz incremental step. Often nominal figures 0f 20 MHz are given for the Wi-Fi channels. The 20 / 22 MHz bandwidth and channel separation of 5 MHz means that adjacent channels overlap and signals on adjacent channels will interfere with each other.

The 22 MHz Wi-Fi channel bandwidth holds for all standards even though 802.11b Wireless LAN standard can run at variety of speeds: 1, 2, 5.5, or 11 Mbps and the newer 802.11g standard can run at speeds up to 54 Mbps. The differences occur in the RF modulation scheme used, but the WLAN channels are identical across all of the applicable 802.11 standards.

When using 802.11 to provide Wi-Fi networks and connectivity for offices, installing Wi-FI access points, or for any WLAN applications, it is necessary to ensure that parameters such as the channels are correctly set to ensure the required performance is achieved. On most Wi-Fi routers these days, this is set automatically, but for some larger applications it is necessary to set the channels manually, or at least under central control.

Wi-Fi routers often use two bands to provide dual band Wi-Fi, the 2.4GHz band is one of the primary bands and it is most commonly used with the 5GHz Wi-Fi band.

2.4 GHz Wi-Fi channel frequencies

The table given below provides the frequencies for the total of fourteen 802.11 Wi-Fi channels that are available around the globe. Not all of these channels are available for Wi-Fi installations in all countries.

2.4GHz Band Channel Numbers & Frequencies
Channel NumberLower Frequency
MHz
Center Frequency
MHz
Upper Frequency
MHz
1 240124122423
2240624172428
3241124222433
4241624272438
5242124322443
6242624372448
7243124422453
8243624472458
9244124522463
10244624572468
11245124622473
12245624672478
13246124722483
14247324842495

2.4 GHz WiFi channel overlap and selection

The channels used for WiFi are separated by 5 MHz in most cases but have a bandwidth of 22 MHz. As a result the Wi-Fi channels overlap and it can be seen that it is possible to find a maximum of three non-overlapping ones.

Therefore if there are adjacent pieces of WLAN equipment, for example in a Wi-Fi network consisting of multiple access points that need to work on non-interfering channels, there is only a possibility of three. There are five combinations of available non overlapping channels are given below:

From the diagram above, it can be seen that Wi-Fi channels 1, 6, 11, or 2, 7, 12, or 3, 8, 13 or 4, 9, 14 (if allowed) or 5, 10 (and possibly 14 if allowed) can be used together as sets. Often WiFi routers are set to channel 6 as the default, and therefore the set of channels 1, 6 and 11 is possibly the most widely used.

As some energy spreads out further outside the nominal bandwidth, if only two channels are used, then the further away from each other the better the performance.

It is found that when interference exists, the throughput of the Wi-Fi installation is reduced. It therefore pays to reduce the levels of interference to improve the overall performance of the WLAN equipment.

With the use of IEEE 802.11n, there is the possibility of using signal bandwidths of either 20 MHz or 40 MHz. When 40 MHz bandwidth is used to gain the higher data throughput, this obviously reduces the number of channels that can be used.

The diagram above shows the 802.11n 40 MHz signals. These signals are designated with their equivalent centre channel numbers.

2.4 GHz Wi-Fi channel availability

In view of the differences in spectrum allocations around the globe and different requirements for the regulatory authorities, not all the WLAN channels are available in every country. The table below provides a broad indication of the availability of the different Wi-Fi channels in different parts of the world.


2.4 GHz Wi-Fi Channel Availability
Channel NumberEurope
(ETSI)
North America
(FCC)
Japan
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12No
13No
14No No 802.11b only

This chart is only provides a general view, and there may be variations between different countries. For example some countries within the European zone Spain have restrictions on the Wi-Fi channels that may be used (France: channels 10 - 13 and Spain channels 10 and 11) use of Wi-Fi and do not allow many of the channels that might be thought to be available, although the position is always likely to change.

3.6 GHz WiFi band

This band of frequencies is only allowed for use within the USA under a scheme known as 802.11y. Here high powered stations can be used for backhaul Wi-Fi links in data networks, etc.

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Channels for these Wi-Fi network systems are detailed below.


3.6 GHz WiFi band
Channel NumberFrequency (MHz)5 MHz Bandwidth10 MHz Bandwidth20 MHz Bandwidth
131 3657.5
132 36622.5
132 3660.0
133 3667.5
133 3665.0
134 3672.5
134 3670.0
135 3677.5
136 3682.5
136 3680.0
137 3687.5
137 3685.0
138 3689.5
138 3690.0

Note: the channel centre frequency depends upon the bandwidth used. This accounts for the fact that the centre frequency for various channels is different if different signal bandwidths are used.

5 GHz WiFi channels & frequencies

As the 2.4 GHz band becomes more crowded, many users are opting to use the 5 GHz ISM band for their wireless LANs, general Wi-Fi networks, home systems, etc. This not only provides more spectrum, but it is not as widely used for other appliances including items such as microwave ovens, etc. - microwave ovens work best around 2.4 GHz because of the absorption of the radiation by the food peaks around 2.4 GHz. Accordingly 5GHz Wi-Fi generally encounters less interference.

Many Wi-Fi routers provide the option for dual band Wi-Fi operation using this band and 2.4 GHz as do most smartphones and other Wi-Fi enabled electronic devices. Using frequencies in the 5GHz band generally provides faster Wi-Fi network speeds.

It will be seen that many of the 5 GHz Wi-Fi channels fall outside the accepted ISM unlicensed band and as a result various restrictions are placed on operation at these frequencies.


5 GHz WiFi channels & frequencies
Channel NumberFrequency MHzEurope
(ETSI)
North America
(FCC)
Japan
36 5180 Indoors
40 5200 Indoors
44 5220 Indoors
48 5240 Indoors
52 5260 Indoors / DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
56 5280 Indoors / DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
60 5300 Indoors / DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
64 5320 Indoors / DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
100 5500 DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
104 5520 DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
108 5540 DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
112 5560 DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
116 5580 DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
120 5600 DFS / TPC No Access DFS / TPC
124 5620 DFS / TPC No Access DFS / TPC
128 5640 DFS / TPC No Access DFS / TPC
132 5660 DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
136 5680 DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
140 5700 DFS / TPC DFS DFS / TPC
149 5745 SRD No Access
153 5765 SRD No Access
157 5785 SRD No Access
161 5805 SRD No Access
165 5825 SRD No Access

Note 1: there are additional regional variations for countries including Australia, Brazil, China, Israel, Korea, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey, etc. Additionally Japan has access to some channels below 5180 MHz.

Note 2: DFS = Dynamic Frequency Selection; TPC = Transmit Power Control; SRD = Short Range Devices 25 mW max power.

Additional bands and frequencies

In addition to the more established forms of Wi-Fi, new formats are being developed that will use new frequencies and bands. Technologies employing white space usage, etc. and also new standards using bands that are well into the microwave region and will deliver gigabit Wi-Fi networks. These technologies will require the use of new spectrum for Wi-Fi.


Additional Wi-Fi Bands & Frequencies
Wi-Fi TechnologyStandardFrequencies Bands
White-Fi 802.11af 470 - 710MHz
Microwave Wi-Fi 802.11ad 57.0 - 64.0 GHz ISM band (Regional variations apply)
Channels: 58,32, 60.48, 62.64, and 64.80 GHz

As Wi-Fi technology use has increased out of all proportion and the data transfer speeds have risen significantly, so too has the way in which the bands are used.

Wi-Fi is available in many areas, in the home, office and in coffee shops etc. Wi-Fi access points are widely available, often providing dual band Wi-Fi band operation - both 2.4 GHz and 5GHz Wi-Fi to enable fast operation at all times.

Originally the 2.4GHz band was favoured for Wi-Fi, but as the costs for the 5GHz technology fell, this band came into much greater use in view of its wider channel bandwidth capability.

As other Wi-Fi technologies come to the fore, many other frequencies are being used. Other unlicensed bands that are below 1 GHz as well as white space for White-Fi using the unused TV spectrum and also now increasingly higher frequencies into the microwave region where even greater bandwidths are available, but at the cost of shorter distance.

Each Wi-Fi technology has its own frequencies or bands and sometimes a different use of the Wi-Fi channels available.

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Wireless & Wired Connectivity Topics:
Mobile Communications basics2G GSM3G UMTS4G LTE5GWiFiIEEE 802.15.4DECT cordless phonesNFC- Near Field CommunicationNetworking fundamentalsWhat is the CloudEthernetSerial dataUSBSigFoxLoRaVoIPSDNNFVSD-WAN
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WiFi Radar is a Python/PyGTK2 utility for managing WiFi profiles.It enables you to scan for available networks and create profiles for your preferred networks. At boot time, running WiFi Radar will automatically scan for an available preferred network and connect to it. You can drag and drop your preferred networks to arrange the profile priority.

Install WiFi Radar in ubuntu

sudo aptitude install wifi-radar

This will complete the installation.

Using WiFi-Radar

If you want to open goto Applications--->Internet--->Wifi-radar

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This will prompt for root password enter and click ok

This should detect available wireless networks check your wireless and connect

If you want to create new profile open the application and click on new

You can see similar to the following scree enter all the details and you are ready for wireless

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